Most importantly, the authors show how fractal variation defines internal spatial or temporal correlations within the fractal system or object. Proceeding from mathematical definitions, they develop detailed practical methods for assessing the fractal characteristics of wave forms varying with time, tissue density variation, and surface irregularities. After describing the ubiquitous nature of fractal phenomena, the authors give examples of the properties of fractals in space and time. For details of all of the titles in the series see volume delineates the use of fractal patterns and measures of fractal dimensions in describing and understanding general aspects of biology, particularly human physiology. This major series of books produced in collaboration between UFAW (The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare), and Wiley-Blackwell provides an authoritative source of information on worldwide developments, current thinking and best practice in the field of animal welfare science and technology. This book is part of the UFAW/Wiley-Blackwell Animal Welfare Book Series.

Written for the specialist and non-specialist alike.Draws together information that is scattered across the literature.The second book in a major new animal welfare series.It explores the different causes of suffering – physical discomfort, thirst and hunger, the responses in the body that lead to suffering and it offers insight into how suffering can be managed. Written by an expert in applied welfare aspects of physiology, this book is the first to address the physiological aspects of suffering in animals.

Understanding the physiology of suffering in animals is crucial in assessing animal welfare. It is related to the environment in which we live and our physical and mental states. Suffering is a state of mind that is difficult to measure and analyse in human beings and considerably more so in animals.

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